Hard disk drives (HDDs) are a form of non-volatile storage, meaning they retain data even when the power is turned off. Unlike volatile memory, such as RAM, which loses data when the system is powered down, HDDs are designed for long-term data retention.

Read-Only Memory (ROM) stores the firmware or BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which contains the essential program needed to start up the computer. Since ROM is non-volatile, it retains this data even when the computer is turned off, ensuring the boot process is always available.

Bridges are used to connect networks that operate using similar protocols, enabling communication between them.

The clock rate of a processor refers to the number of cycles it can execute per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Modern processors operate in billions of cycles per second, so their speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz), where 1 GHz equals 1 billion cycles per second.

The Transpose function in Excel is used to switch the orientation of data, converting row data into column data and vice versa. This can be done by using the TRANSPOSE() function or the "Paste Special > Transpose" option. It’s especially useful for reorganizing data without manually copying and pasting.